Condition overview

HIV

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) affects the immune system. Modern testing and treatment make HIV highly manageable when identified early.

Type

Viral

Typical sample

Blood

Testing methods

RNA (early), 4th-generation antibody/antigen

Curable

No, but highly treatable

This content is for general educational purposes and is not a substitute for diagnosis, treatment, or personalized medical advice from a qualified healthcare professional.

Overview

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) affects the immune system. Modern testing and treatment make HIV highly manageable when identified early.

Symptoms

Often no early symptoms
Flu-like symptoms in some people 2–4 weeks after exposure
Persistent fatigue, unexplained weight loss (later stages)

Seek immediate medical care for severe symptoms, significant pain, heavy bleeding, difficulty breathing, loss of consciousness, or other urgent concerns.

Transmission

Unprotected sexual contact
Shared injection equipment
Perinatal transmission

Testing options

HIV RNA test (earliest detection window)
Fourth-generation antigen/antibody test

Testing window: RNA testing can detect HIV as early as ~10 days after exposure; 4th-generation testing is generally reliable by 4–6 weeks. Talk with a clinician about the right test for your timing.

Treatment

HIV is treated with antiretroviral therapy prescribed by a clinician. With consistent treatment, many people reach an undetectable viral load and cannot transmit HIV sexually (U=U).

Possible complications

Weakened immune function if untreated

Partner considerations

Recent partners should be informed and offered testing. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) may be appropriate within 72 hours of a possible exposure — talk with a clinician right away.

Prevention

PrEP for eligible individuals
Consistent barrier use
Routine testing